Scaling lightness perception and differences above and below diffuse white and modifying color spaces for high-dynamic-range scenes and images

The first purpose of this thesis was to design and complete psychophysical experiments for scaling lightness and lightness differences for achromatic percepts above and below the lightness of diffuse white (L*=100). Below diffuse white experiments were conducted under reference conditions recommended by CIE for color difference research. Overall a range of CIELAB lightness values from 7 to 183 was investigated. Psychophysical techniques of partition scaling and constant stimuli were applied for scaling lightness perception and differences, respectively. The results indicate that the existing L* and CIEDE2000-weighting functions approximately predict the trends, but don\u27t well fit the visual data. Hence, three optimized functions are proposed, including a lightness function, a lightness-difference weighting function for the wide range, and a lightness-difference weighting function for the range below diffuse white. The second purpose of this thesis was to modify the color spaces for high-dynamic-range scenes and images. Traditional color spaces have been widely used in a variety of applications including digital color imaging, color image quality, and color management. These spaces, however, were designed for the domain of color stimuli typically encountered with reflecting objects and image displays of such objects. This means the domain of stimuli with luminance levels from slightly above zero to that of a perfect diffuse white (or display white point). This limits the applicability of such spaces to color problems in high-dynamic-range (HDR) imaging. This is caused by their hard intercepts at zero luminance/lightness and by their uncertain applicability for colors brighter than diffuse white. To address HDR applications, two new color spaces were recently proposed by Fairchild and Wyble: hdr-CIELAB and hdr-IPT. They are based on replacing the power-function nonlinearities in CIELAB and IPT with more physiologically plausible hyperbolic functions optimized to most closely simulate the original color spaces in the diffuse reflecting color domain. This thesis presents the formulation of the new models, evaluations using Munsell data in comparison with CIELAB, IPT, and CIECAM02, two sets of lightness-scaling data above diffuse white, and various possible formulations of hdr-CIELAB and hdr-IPT to predict the visual results

Historic seismicity near the source zone of the great 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: Implications for seismic hazards

In the past 500 years, 14 historical earthquakes, including one that caused a maximum intensity of IX, occurred over a distance of more than 300 km along the Longmen Shan thrust belt, including portions that did not rupture during the devastating Wenchuan earthquake sequence of May 12, 2008. Estimated locations of epicenters and trends of faulting during historical events complement information gathered after the 2008 sequence. In particular, in addition to the two fault splays that ruptured in 2008, there are additional seismogenic faults across the Longmen Shan belt, including those in the hinterland and in the foreland. In the latter case, the occurrence of moderate-sized historical earthquakes and the disproportionally wide region of reported damage in the Sichuan basin from large events within the Longmen Shan belt, probably an effect of low attenuation in the stable basin, calls for attention to the potential of seismic hazard in the heavily populated Chengdu basin. Moreover, long recurrence-intervals of great events, estimated from trenching of colluvium along the ruptures of the 2008 sequence, should not be taken as reliable estimates for somewhat smaller, but nonetheless highly destructive events along the Longmen Shan thrust belt

A Statistical analysis of the Printing Standards Audit (PSA) press sheet database

Not Include

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

AbstractBronchioloalveolar carcinoma is a subtype of adenocarcinoma of the lung with a relatively better prognosis. We reviewed the cases of 50 consecutive patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma treated during a 10-year period and attempted to analyze factors related to prognosis. During the 10-year study period, the prevalence of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma relative to adenocarcinoma of the lung remained steady. The subjects included 32 male and 18 female patients with mean ages of 64.7 years and 55.1 years, respectively (p = 0.0030). The preoperative radiographic findings included 40 cases of localized and 10 cases of diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. The clinicopathologic TNM staging included 20 patients with stage I cancer, 4 with stage II cancer, 11 with stage IIIa cancer, 3 with stage IIIb cancer, and 12 with stage IV cancer. Forty patients with clinical stage I, II, or III disease underwent operation (operability 80%). The resectability rate was 90% (36 of 40). Thirty-four procedures were considered as curative. The overall cumulative survival at 5 years was 22.2% (46.4% for stage I). Different TNM stages showed significant differences in survival time (p = 0.0001). The median survival times were 64.6 months for stage I, 48.0 months for stage II, 24.7 months for stage IIIa, 9.0 months for stage IIIb, and 4.5 months for stage IV disease. The median survival time for localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma was 27.5 months, and the median survival time for diffuse bronchioloalveolar carcinoma was 4.3 months (p = 0.0002). The median survival time for the curative resection group was 30.6 months, and the median survival time for the noncurative resection or nonresection group was 5.8 months (p = 0.0001). On the basis of this study we conclude that (1) the prevalence of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is quite steady, (2) bronchioloalveolar carcinoma presents at an earlier age in women, (3) bronchioloalveolar carcinoma frequently presents with lymphatic spread or systemic metastasis at diagnosis, (4) most localized bronchioloalveolar carcinomas are resectable and the prognosis with this type is better than that of the diffuse type, and (5) long-term survival correlates closely with initial roentgenographic appearance, TNM stage, and completeness of surgical resection. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995;110:374-81

Statistics and decision making as applied to printing conformity assessment

Conformity assessment, a relatively new activity in the printing industry, is an attestation that specified requirements relating to a product or process have been fulfilled. Printing certification bodies assess printing conformity according to sampling, aim points, tolerances, and decision-making rules that are stipulated by printing standards. However, do we know if: sampling is too large or too small; normative requirements are too many or too few; tolerances are set too tightly or too loosely; and the pass/fail criterion is too stringent or too relaxed? Moreover, how do these factors impact the passing probability of a sample, a job, and the database as a whole? To study inter-dependencies of these factors in production variation conformity, this research assumes that the number of jobs to be assessed for printing conformity is very large and that samples selected from a job are random. Statistical theory is used to study the relation between the passing probabilities of a printing job, a single sheet within each job, and each normative requirement. In our theoretical frame, given the tolerance levels of certain normative requirements, we can determine the passing probabilities of the criteria, the passing probability of a single sheet, and the overall passing probability of a printing job. Given the passing probability of a printing job, we can also determine the tolerance level of each normative requirement by reversing the procedure. This research uses a real-life printing dataset and simulation techniques to determine the passing probabilities of a job as a function of sampling, tolerances, and the pass/fail criterion of a job. This research offers two meaningful inferences: (1) the printing standards development community, i.e., ISO/TC 130, needs to be aware that sampling requirements, the number of normative requirements and their associated tolerances, and the pass/fail criteria impact the passing probability of a job; and (2) printers who are seeking printing certification need to know that, although sampling is random, the passing probability of a job ultimately depends on the process calibration and the effectiveness of local process control

Effects of Planting Density on Visually Graded Lumber and Mechanical Properties of Taiwania

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of planting density on the quality of visually graded lumber, and the strength properties of 35-year-old Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay). The results are summarized as follows.(1) Lumber obtained from the site with type S planting density (6940 trees/ha) were mostly of better grade (84.6% including first and second grades), followed by type Q (2500 trees/ha) (69.1%), type R (3300 trees/ha) (62.5%), whereas poorer lumber was found mostly from trees with type P planting density (1000 trees/ha) (41.6%).(2) Specimens cut from trees of type S planting density site had the largest average values of ultrasonic velocity (Vu), dynamic modulus of elasticity obtained from transversal vibration (Edt), dynamic modulus of elasticity obtained from ultrasonic velocity (Edu), modulus of elasticity at bending (MOE), and modulus of rupture at bending (MOR), followed in decreasing order by those of type P, type R, and type Q sites.(3) Interrelations between Vu, Edu, Edt, MOE, and MOR can be represented by positive linear regression formulas. The differences were highly significant